Global Journal of Public Health Medicine
Global Journal of Public Health Medicine (GJPHM) publishes original articles only in English Language covering the fields of public health such as epidemiology, family health, nutrition, occupational health, environmental health, and clinical research. Frequency: GJPHM Publish (1) volume per year (single annual volume which will fill throughout the year as each new paper is published) ​ISSN: 2664-4657 Publisher: Education in Action (EIA) , Previously was published by Research and Publication Journal Scope GJPHM is an international journal that publishes high-quality articles in the field of public health. The following research areas are accepted in GJPHM: * Epidemiology & Statistics * Family Health * Preventive Medicine * Nutrition * Occupational Health * Environmental Health *Climate change *One health ​* Health Management
The authors retain Full copyright of their published article
FROM FIASP TO TRURAPI: CONVERSION IN INSULIN ASPART PRESCRIBING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE IMPACT OF DELIVERY-DEVICE PREFERENCES
Introduction: In England, NovoRapid® dominated the rapid-acting insulin aspart market until 2017, when Fiasp® (next-generation fast-acting aspart) was launched, followed by Trurapi® (similar to NovoRapid®) after UK approval in 2021 (European marketing authorization 2020). Methods: Prescribing information from NHS primary care data was aggregated and adjusted to defined daily doses (DDD, 40 IU) between 2008 and 2024. Segmented regression models with two intervention points (Fiasp® Q1 2017, Trurapi® Q4 2021) were estimated, with separate analyses by device (pre-filled pens, cartridges, vials). Results: NovoRapid® continued to increase until 2017, when the growth slowed after the introduction of Fiasp. Fiasp® grew rapidly after launch and was approximately 1.25 million DDDs (95% CI 0.42 to 2.08 million) above the counterfactual two years after Trurapi® was introduced (p < 0.001). The uptake of Trurapi® was typical of biosimilar products, with approximately 5.4% of the market share by Q4 2024 (95% CI 4.8% to 7.2%). Adoption was greater in pens and cartridges than in vials, reflecting prescribers’ and patients’ familiarity with the originator products' pen platforms. Conclusions: In 17 years, the England insulin aspart market was transformed with successive product launches. In addition to clinical comparability, familiarity with the device and the timing in the market lifecycle were key factors in adoption. Monitoring utilization at both brand and device level may help policymakers and prescribers with biosimilar integration and ensure patient confidence.
Biosimilar, Diabetes, Insulin aspart, Market share, Utilization trends
Copyright (c) 2026 Heba M. Attash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CO-OCCURRENCE OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AMONG PEOPLE WITH MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2019 SOUTH AFRICAN GENERAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
Introduction: South Africa faces high burden of communicable diseases, particularly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB), alongside a growing prevalence of mental health disorders. However, evidence on communicable diseases among individuals with mental health disorders remains sparse. This study assessed the prevalence and determinants of communicable diseases among South Africans with self-reported mental health disorders. Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2019 General Household Survey was conducted among 410 individuals with self-reported mental health disorders by a qualified healthcare professional. Descriptive statistics summarized disease prevalence, while bivariate and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses identified associated factors. Variables with p<0.25 in bivariate analyses were considered for multivariable modelling, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design and were performed using STATA version 16.1. Results: The mean age of participants was 40.55 ±0.90 years. The prevalence of communicable diseases was 13.03%, with 11.87% reporting a single infection and 1.16% reporting two or more infections. Influenza was the most prevalent condition (9.94%), followed by HIV (2.96%), TB (1.17%), and sexually transmitted diseases (0.27%). Higher odds of communicable diseases were observed among cohabiting [OR: 3.61; 95%CI: 1.51, 8.64; p-value = .004] and divorced individuals [OR=6.56; 95%CI: 1.77, 24.28; p-value = .005]. Residents of the Free State [OR: 5.63; 95% CI: 1.13, 28.06; p-value = .035] and Gauteng [OR: 4.44; 95%CI: 1.18, 16.72; p-value= .028] also had increased odds. Conclusion: Communicable diseases were common among individuals in. with mental health disorders. Integrating prevention, screening, and treatment within mental health services may reduce disease burden and improve health outcomes. The prevalence of communicable diseases in this study was high. Public health policy makers and Psychiatrist should collaborate to address the sociodemographic inequalities, moreover KwaZulu-Natal and Northern Cape should be urgently attended to reduce the high prevalence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oratilwe Mokoena, Dumisile Prsicilla Madlala, Sam Thembelihle Ntuli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND FOOD CHOICES AMONG STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA
Introduction: A balanced diet heavily influences a student's cognitive function and academic achievement. Evidence remains limited on the extent to which nutritional knowledge translates into healthier food choices among South African university students. This study evaluated the role of nutritional knowledge in the dietary decision-making of 600 students at the University of Johannesburg. Methods: An online survey was carried out from July to November 2022. The target population was registered undergraduate and postgraduate students in all faculties. Results: Nutritional literacy appeared to be high among participants (average score: 4 out of 5). High awareness of balanced diets and the risks of processed foods was observed, with no significant differences by age, gender, or accommodation status. Despite this, dietary behaviours did not consistently reflect this knowledge. More than half of the students (58%) rarely consumed the recommended fruit intake, while substantial proportions frequently consumed packaged white bread (47%), fried foods (36%), and sugar-sweetened beverages (28.5%). The primary drivers of the food selection were cost (83%), availability (64%), and convenience (58%). Nutritional awareness (40.5%) and social influences (41%) had a moderate impact. A weak but significant association between nutritional knowledge and healthier dietary behaviors was observed (|r| = 0.09–0.17; p<0.05), especially on increased consumption of wholegrains and vegetables, and reduced intake of fast foods and sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusion: Nutritional knowledge accounted for only a limited proportion of dietary behaviour. Promotion of healthy eating on campus should therefore combine nutrition education with efforts to improve the affordability, availability, and convenience of healthy food.
Nutritional knowledge, Food choices, University students, Dietary behavior, South Africa
Copyright (c) 2026 Hema Kesa, Kirstan Claire Basson, Michael Rudolph, Alex Tchuenchieu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
NUTRITIONAL RISK STRATIFICATION AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN USING THE ELIZ MODIFIED IMPACT TOOL AND ASSESSMENT OF PREDISPOSING FACTORS IN A TERTIARY CARE SETTING
Introduction: Malnutrition remains a critical public health challenge, contributing significantly to childhood morbidity and mortality globally and in India. Early identification and risk stratification are essential for effective intervention. The study aimed to classify malnourished children in a tertiary care hospital using the ELIZ Modified IMPACT Tool and to determine factors predisposing to malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 18 months involving 200 children aged 1 month to 5 years. Participants included those with underweight, stunting, or wasting. The ELIZ Modified IMPACT Tool, a comprehensive scoring system covering anthropometry, clinical signs, dietary history, ecological factors, and functional status, was used to stratify children into risk categories (No, Low, Medium, High Risk). Results: Of the 200 participants, 54.5% were classified as Low Risk, 36% as Medium Risk, and 1% as High Risk. Poor mother’s education (p=0.029), Low birth weight (p=0.001), Lack of Exclusive Breastfeeding (p=0.003), Failure to introduce semi-solids at 6 months (p=0.016), Lack of continued breastfeeding for 2 years (p=0.013), and Lack of family pot feeding by 2 years (p=0.043) were significantly associated with high risk of malnutrition. Conclusion: The ELIZ Modified IMPACT Tool provides a structured framework for nutritional severity stratification in clinical settings. This highlights the need for early identification and targeted nutritional interventions in high-risk children. Interventions focusing on maternal nutrition education and exclusive breastfeeding are crucial.
Malnutrition, Under-5 Children, ELIZ Modified IMPACT Tool, Risk Stratification, Breastfeeding, Low Birth Weight
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Shakeel M, Thangavel A, Vasanth Jeyaram, Senthil Kumar M K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
WORKPLACE SAFETY, UNION ENGAGEMENT, AND INTERPROFESSIONAL COLLABORATION IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICAN COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRES: A SEQUENTIAL EXPLANATORY MIXED-METHODS STUDY
Introduction: Interprofessional collaboration is essential for safe and effective primary health care delivery, particularly in rural and semi-rural Community Health Centers (CHCs). This study explored health professionals’ experiences of workplace safety, interprofessional collaboration, and organised labour engagement in rural and semi-rural CHCs across 3 South African provinces. Methods: We used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design grounded in pragmatism. In the quantitative phase, purposive non-probability sampling was used to recruit health professionals from 6 CHCs across Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and North-West provinces. Sixty-nine questionnaires were distributed, of which 42 completed questionnaires were analysed, yielding a response rate of 61%. Results: Quantitative findings indicated that 69% of respondents linked staff shortages to workplace conflict, 85.7% reported that shortages of equipment and resources strained professional relationships, and 88.1% reported poor interprofessional relations contributing to an insecure working environment. Qualitative findings explained these patterns by illustrating how unsafe infrastructure, inadequate staffing, uneven skill mix, poor communication, professional hierarchies, and limited union visibility collectively undermined workplace safety and interprofessional collaboration. Integrated analysis identified 3 interrelated themes: resource deficits undermining safe collaboration, fragmented interprofessional relationships and status-based divisions, and weak union engagement. Conclusion: Workplace safety and interprofessional collaboration in participating rural CHCs were shaped by interacting material, relational, and governance challenges. Strengthening collaboration requires sustained investment in staffing, infrastructure, communication systems, leadership practices, and effective labour-management engagement. These findings informed the conceptual development of the Interprofessional Union and Collaborative Partnership (IPUCP) framework for rural CHCs.
Copyright (c) 2026 thokozile Harriet kgongwana, Johanna Mathibe-Neke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A STUDY ON DETERMINANTS OF TB-HIV CO-INFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ENROLLED AT DISTRICT TUBERCULOSIS CENTRES
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection remains a major public health challenge in India, the country with the highest TB burden globally. India’s TB Report 2022 notified 1.93 million cases. People living with HIV are about 18 times more likely to develop active TB. However, not all HIV-infected individuals develop TB, suggesting the role of additional determinants. This study assessed the socio-demographic profile and factors associated with TB–HIV co-infection. Methods: A retrospective record-based case–control study was conducted among 242 adult subjects (121 cases and 121 controls) enrolled at designated district TB centers and 19 affiliated treatment units in Hyderabad, Telangana, between January and December 2022. Cases were TB patients with HIV; controls were TB patients without HIV. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical significance was assessed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression in Epi-Info 7.2.6.6. Results: Majority of participants were male in both cases (67.7%) and controls (52.1%). Most belonged to the 30–39-year age group, had secondary education, and had a Class III socio-economic status. Age, sex, education, religion, and marital status were significantly associated with TB–HIV co-infection, while socio-economic status was not significant. Conclusion: TB–HIV co-infection was more common among males, individuals aged 30–39 years, those with secondary education, and married individuals. Clinical factors such as overcrowding, low body weight, anemia, and substance use were also more prevalent. These findings highlight the multifactorial nature of co-infection and the need for targeted interventions.
: Case-control, TB, HIV, Co-infection, determinants
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bulla pavani; Dr. sarella prasanth kumar, Dr.B kiran mai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE INTERVENTIONS AMONG MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENTISTS IN SELECTED PUBLIC LABORATORY FACILITIES IN EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE
Introduction: Medical laboratory scientists often face unique stressors and lifestyle constraints that can compromise their well-being. This study examined workplace-related factors influencing healthy lifestyle practices among medical laboratory scientists in public laboratory facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design was employed. Twenty medical laboratory scientists from ten public diagnostic laboratories were recruited using snowball sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth virtual interviews conducted via Microsoft Teams. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework, supported by NVivo software. Results: Participants identified multiple barriers to maintaining healthy lifestyles, including long, irregular working hours, high workloads, fatigue, limited access to nutritious food, and inadequate social and organizational support. Workplace wellness initiatives were perceived as limited and poorly aligned with staff needs, while managerial support was often insufficient. Conclusion: Healthy lifestyle practices among medical laboratory scientists are strongly influenced by organizational and structural workplace conditions. System-level interventions, including structured wellness programmes and supportive leadership, are essential to improve staff well-being.
Medical Laboratory Scientists; Healthy Lifestyle; Wellness Interventions; Workplace Health; Stress Management; Nutrition; Physical Activity; Eastern Cape; Qualitative Research; Phenomenology
Copyright (c) 2026 Khanyani Bobotyana, Sikhumbuzo A. Mabunda, Al-Abed Ali Ahmed Al-Abed, Prof O. Oladimeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE IMPACT OF KETOGENIC DIET ON MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
The ketogenic diet, characterized by very low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake, is widely used for weight management and metabolic improvement. However, it induces metabolic changes that significantly affect the endocrine system, particularly the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which regulates male reproductive function. This review integrates evidence on the effects of the ketogenic diet on testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A literature search (2010–2025) was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies on adult males were included, while animal studies and those lacking hormonal data were excluded. Findings indicate context-dependent effects. In overweight or obese men with insulin resistance, short-term ketogenic diets are often associated with increased testosterone levels, largely due to weight loss, improved insulin sensitivity, and reduced inflammation. In contrast, prolonged adherence, significant caloric restriction, or use in lean, physically active men may suppress the HPG axis, leading to hypogonadotropism with reduced LH and testosterone levels. This effect is likely mediated by decreased leptin levels, which signal energy deficiency to the hypothalamus. Diet composition, particularly fat type, may also influence outcomes. Overall, ketogenic diets tend to improve testosterone in overweight individuals but may reduce LH and testosterone in lean individuals or during long-term restriction, highlighting the importance of metabolic status and energy balance.
Ketogenic Diet; Male Reproduction; Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis; Testosterone; Energy Balance
Copyright (c) 2026 Bakhtawar Ziad Omer, Zahraakhan Maaroof Taher, Hataw Najmalden Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE ROLE OF ROSE BENGAL TEST IN DETECTING HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS
Brucellosis remains a serious public health concern, necessitating effective monitoring. This study evaluated the seroprevalence and identification of Brucella spp. in 300 blood specimens from patients, using phenotypic characterization and the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) for diagnosis. The percentage of positive serological tests was 9.3% (28/300), with a higher infection rate in females (10.0%) than in males (8.7%). The highest ratio was observed among patients aged 31-40 years (13.3%). Bacterial isolation confirmed Brucella species in 7.0% (21/300) of samples. Epidemiological analysis revealed a significantly higher prevalence among rural (10.6%) than urban (7.9%) participants and clear seasonality, with a peak incidence in September (12.0%). This study confirms the endemicity of brucellosis, establishes the RBT as a vital screening tool, and identifies key demographic and seasonal risk factors for guiding public health intervention strategies.
Human Brucellosis, Prevalence, Risk Factors, RBT, Zoonosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Lana Sardar Sabrie, Shaymaa Faruq Mala, Zainab Mohammed Alzubaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AWARENESS AND UPTAKE OF HIV PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PREP) AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN OR TAMBO DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Expanding access to oral HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among young people and college students remains critical for the prevention of HIV in South Africa. This study assessed awareness and uptake of PrEP among college students in the OR Tambo district. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed. Data were collected through structured, self-administered questionnaires distributed to 155 students who met the inclusion criteria (n=155). Results: All 155 respondents (100%) reported awareness of PrEP. The majority were female (60%) and aged 20–25 years (84.5%), with a mean age of 22.14 years (SD ±4.48). The most commonly cited source of information was health promotion events on campus (41.9%). Interpersonal engagement was high, with 70.3% of students discussing PrEP with friends or partners. Additionally, 81.9% indicated that healthcare workers provide PrEP information during clinic visits. Despite this high awareness and engagement, uptake was low, with only 15.5% of respondents currently using PrEP. Conclusion: While awareness and attitudes toward PrEP are positive, uptake remains limited. Barriers include restricted access, preference for injectable PrEP, and gaps in risk perception. Targeted health education, improved accessibility, and youth-friendly services are needed to increase PrEP uptake and reduce HIV infections among young people.
HIV PrEP, HIV prevention, PrEP in colleges, PrEP in South Africa
Copyright (c) 2026 Velisa Lourence BLAYI, Sikhumbuzo A. Mabunda, Al-Abed Ali Ahmed Al-Abed, Olanrewaju Oladimeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF MPDSR COMMITTEES IN AFRICA
Introduction: Maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response is a key strategy to reduce preventable maternal and newborn deaths. Maternal mortality ratio reflects health system performance and women’s well-being. In 2012, the World Health Organization and partners introduced the Maternal Death Surveillance and Response system to address high MMRs in low- and middle-income African countries. This review evaluates the implementation of the MPDSR committee and its impact on maternal and perinatal outcomes in Africa. Methods: A total of 23 relevant studies published between 2002 and 2025 were identified through a comprehensive search of academic databases using PRISMA criteria and the PICOS framework. The AACODS checklist (authority, accuracy, coverage, objectivity, date, significance) was applied to assess study quality. Results: The review assessed the establishment and functioning of MPDSR committees across African countries. Implementation varied from national systems in South Africa and Ghana to facility-level audits in Nigeria and Kenya. Functional systems were associated with action-oriented responses, structured feedback, and regular evaluations. Challenges included blame culture, underreporting, staffing shortages, poor recordkeeping, and limited community involvement. Despite these barriers, studies have shown that effective MPDSR adoption has led to reduced maternal mortality and improved clinical accountability. Supportive leadership, standardized processes, and a learning-oriented culture were key to success. Conclusion: MPDSR committees are widely implemented in Africa, but structural, cultural, and institutional challenges continue to limit their impact. Countries emphasizing effective responses, regular feedback, and blame-free environments achieve better maternal and perinatal outcomes. Strengthened leadership, enhanced health worker capacity, and community engagement are essential to fully realize the potential of MPDSR systems in reducing preventable deaths
Maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response (MPDSR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Keegan Shamisale, Chisotwa Muyembe, Kasonde Bowa, David Mulenga, Esther Banda, christine kaluba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
COMPLEMENT DYSREGULATION IN PEDIATRIC IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Introduction: Complement proteins are key players in the innate immune system. Children with iron deficiency often experience impaired immunity, making them more prone to infections. This study aimed to measure serum levels of C3 and C4 complement proteins in children with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: The study included 50 children under 15 years old diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia, alongside 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment, complete blood count (CBC), and laboratory tests measuring serum ferritin, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and complement proteins (C3 and C4). Results: Compared to the healthy controls, children with iron deficiency anemia showed significantly lower levels of ferritin, TIBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cells (RBC) count (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum complement proteins C3 and C4 were significantly reduced in the iron-deficient group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) respectively, suggesting impaired complement activation. Notably, neutrophil and monocyte counts were elevated in the iron-deficient group, indicating an altered immune response. Conclusion: The study revealed that serum levels of C3 and C4 complement proteins were significantly altered in children with iron deficiency anemia, potentially contributing to their increased susceptibility to infections.
Iron Deficiency Anemia, C3 Complement, C4 Complement, CBC
Copyright (c) 2026 Suhayla H. Shareef, Chiman H. Saeed, Rawen I. Bayiz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT ADHERENCE AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A MINI REVIEW
Adolescent adherence to orthodontic treatment is often suboptimal, leading to longer treatment times, increased appliance failures, and poorer clinical outcomes. Compliance is influenced by developmental, motivational, cognitive–emotional, and family–social factors. This narrative mini-review summarizes recent evidence on psychological interventions designed to enhance adherence in children and adolescents using fixed or removable orthodontic devices. A targeted literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2025. Studies related to adherence outcomes such as appliance wear time, oral hygiene, appointment attendance, motivation, and self-efficacy, as well as concepts related to orthodontic adherence with specific intervention strategies, including motivational interviewing (MI), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), digital reminders or telemonitoring, and family or social support, are reviewed. MI and CBT demonstrated promising improvements, strengthening intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. Digital supports provided modest, scalable gains, though engagement often declined over time, while family- and peer-focused interventions showed promise but remain under-evaluated. This review highlights gaps in standardized adherence outcome measures and limited evidence for combined or multi-tiered interventions. Its added value lies in synthesizing current psychological strategies, identifying research gaps, and providing practical guidance for optimizing adolescent orthodontic adherence. Overall, a stepped-care approach combining universal digital support with targeted psychological interventions and structured family involvement appears most practical. Future research should standardize outcome measures and evaluate combined, cost-effective strategies to optimize adolescent orthodontic adherence.
Orthodontic compliance, adolescent, psychological interventions, motivational interviewing, digital adherence support
Copyright (c) 2026 Yifei Wang, Ruonan Li, Zhongxin Wang, Haryati Anuar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
INFERTILITY-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE FERTIQOL INSTRUMENT: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Infertility is a widespread global health condition with consequences that extend far beyond reproductive impairment, affecting emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships, social functioning, and overall quality of life. Conventional biomedical indicators, such as pregnancy and live-birth rates, provide an incomplete representation of treatment success and fail to capture the lived experience of individuals undergoing fertility care. A narrative literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2010 and 2025 using keywords including ‘FertiQoL’, ‘fertility quality of life’, and ‘infertility patient-reported outcomes. This review was not conducted as a systematic review. This mini review examines the Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) instrument, a standardised, internationally developed patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess the multidimensional impact of infertility. FertiQoL comprises 36 items organised into a Core module (Emotional, Mind–Body, Relational, and social domains) and a Treatment module (Treatment Environment and Treatment Tolerability), enabling distinction between infertility-related burden and treatment-specific effects. Evidence from psychometric validation studies and cross-cultural applications demonstrates good reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity across diverse populations and treatment settings. The reviewed literature highlights the clinical, research, and patient-level utility of FertiQoL, including identification of psychosocial risk, enhancement of clinician–patient communication, evaluation of interventions beyond biological outcomes, and support for patient self-reflection and empowerment. Despite its widespread use, gaps remain in understanding longitudinal changes in quality of life, the impact of partner dynamics, and applicability in diverse healthcare settings. Future research should explore these areas, including longitudinal studies, culturally adapted interventions, and integration of FertiQoL into routine clinical decision-making to further advance patient-centered infertility care
Infertility, FertiQoL, quality of life, fertility care
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhongxin Wang, Ruonan Li, Yifei Wang, Nurul Akmal Jamaluddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
MANAGING CLAUSTROPHOBIA IN MRI EXAMINATION: A MINI REVIEW
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a cornerstone of modern diagnostic practice. However, anxiety and claustrophobia related to confined spaces, acoustic noise, and enforced immobility remain important barriers to successful image acquisition. These responses may lead to premature scan termination, motion artefacts, and compromised diagnostic quality. Although overall MRI failure rates are relatively low, recent evidence indicates that incomplete examinations are disproportionately concentrated among specific high-risk subpopulations. Patient tolerance is influenced by an interplay of human, environmental, and technology-related factors. This mini-review synthesises current evidence on interventions to reduce claustrophobia during MRI examinations, drawing on literature published between 2020 and 2025 and prioritising systematic, comparative, and practice-oriented studies. Psychological and experiential strategies, hardware and environmental modifications, and pharmacological approaches are reviewed. Psychological interventions, including structured pre-scan communication, music or audiovisual distraction, and mirror- or prism-based visual reorientation, consistently improve patient comfort and examination compliance. Technological solutions, such as open or upright MRI systems, offer benefits for selected patients; but bore diameter alone does not appear to be a decisive determinant of claustrophobia reduction. Pharmacological sedation, when delivered within established safety frameworks, is associated with very high scan completion rates in patients who are unable to tolerate MRI using non-pharmacological measures alone. Collectively, the evidence supports a pragmatic, stepwise approach to managing MRI-related claustrophobia: early risk identification at booking, universal application of communication and distraction strategies, selective matching of scanner hardware for high-need patients, and the judicious use of protocol-guided sedation when necessary. Adopting this structured strategy can enhance the patient experience, maintain procedural safety, and optimise diagnostic yield in contemporary MRI practice.
Magnetic resonance imaging, claustrophobia, patient tolerance, non-pharmacological intervention
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruonan Li, Yifei Wang, Zhongxin Wang, Mohammed Faez Baobaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH UNMET NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN RURAL TELANGANA, INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Introduction: Despite the availability of various contraceptive services, the unmet need for family planning continues to remain high among rural populations. This study aims to evaluate the determinants of unmet family planning needs among married women of reproductive age residing in rural areas of Telangana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 married women aged 15–44 years in Patancheru, a rural field practice area of Osmania Medical College. Data were collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. Cluster sampling was employed, and the analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and univariate analysis. Results: The contraceptive prevalence rate in the study was 83.5%, with 58% of women using permanent methods, predominantly tubectomy. The total unmet need for family planning was 12.5%, including 5% for spacing and 7.5% for limiting. Permanent methods were the most commonly used. Age (p < 0.000001), religion (p < 0.000001), occupation (p < 0.000001), socioeconomic status (p = 0.01), family type (p < 0.000001), and age at marriage (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with unmet family planning needs. Conclusion: Sociodemographic and cultural determinants continue to influence contraceptive use. Tailored awareness programs that emphasize temporary methods and male involvement are essential to address unmet needs in rural settings.
Family Planning, Unmet Need, Married, Contraception, Maternal Health
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Bhasker Koka, Dr. Sreelatha Panuganti, Dr.Ananda krishna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
LEVEL OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS STATUS AMONG THE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN SELECTED MEDICAL COLLEGES IN BANGLADESH
Introduction: Medical students are the future backbone of the medical fraternity and the healthcare system in Bangladesh. Medical college is recognized as a highly stressful environment that can negatively affect academic performance and mental well-being. Due to academic pressure and environmental changes, many students experience depression, anxiety, and stress—often beginning in the third year when they transition to clinical training. This study thus assessed the presence of depression, anxiety, and stress among the 3rd year medical students in selected medical colleges in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 398 medical students of selected Medical Colleges from January 2022 to December 2022. The validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21was utilized to assess depression, anxiety, and stress among the study participants selected by Simple Random Sampling. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 21.96Å}1.09 years. Students unsatisfied with the college environment were significantly more likely to report depression (77.9%), anxiety (80.8%), and stress (69.7%) (p < 0.001 for all). Dissatisfaction with hostel environment was also significantly associated with all three mental health conditions, with the highest prevalence seen in depression (76.9%). Conclusion: Meticulous attention must be devoted to enhancing the mental health and psychological well-being of medical students. Initiatives aimed at raising awareness, along with individualized counseling sessions grounded in motivational strategies, should be prioritized—particularly for those identified as most vulnerable. Moreover, parents and peers can serve as crucial protective factors, helping students navigate and adapt to high-stress environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Partha Sarathi Podder, Daizy Ratna Das https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUGAR ONBACTERIAL GROWTH RATE: A REVIEW
The proliferation of bacteria is significantly influenced by the sources and characteristics of carbon sources, with carbohydrates serving as essential nutrients for many organisms. The prioritisation of carbohydrate use, driven by carbon catabolite repression mechanisms, is essential for diauxic or multiaxial growth in the presence of multiple carbohydrates. Escherichia coli exhibits diauxic growth on glucose and lactose, whereas specific Bifidobacterium species utilise carbohydrates with more complex structures and exhibit multiphase growth kinetics. The sugar's structure affects growth rate and yield. Monosaccharides like Glucose and fructose are easier for bacteria to use, so they usually grow more quickly than polysaccharides like cellulose or inulin. These polysaccharides have more complex structures and require a range of depolymerising and hydrolytic enzymes to break them down into the appropriate mono- and oligosaccharides for the bacteria. The specific metabolic end products of bacterial activity during carbohydrate fermentation determine how acidic the environment becomes. This is very important for keeping food safe, maintaining gut health, and for use in industry. It is crucial to understand how carbohydrate structures affect bacterial growth, as this knowledge could be useful for making food, medicine, biofuels, and specialised microbial communities in basic and applied research.
Bacterial Growth, Sugar Metabolism, Carbon Catabolite Repression, Glycolysis, Fermentation, Diauxic, Prebiotics, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus
Copyright (c) 2025 Hero Mohammed, Bakhtawar Omer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PREVALENCE OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN TAMIL NADU
Introduction: India has an estimated 77 million adults with diabetes and about 25 million who are prediabetic. While conventional pharmacotherapy is widely used, lifestyle modifications and Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve glycemic control and reduce complications. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of CAM usage among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) attending Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam, over 3months. Data were collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire that covered socio-demographic characteristics, diabetes treatment, glycemic control, and CAM usage. The data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results were represented as Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Frequency, and Percentage. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 60.36 ± 9.76 years. Of the participants, 61.2% were males and 38.8% were females. The prevalence of CAM usage was reported by 26.4%. Among the CAM users, the majority were using biologically based therapies (16.8%), followed by whole medical systems like homeopathy (9.6%). The factors significantly associated with CAM usage were higher Socioeconomic Status (SES)(OR 95% CI=2.603 (1.046-6.479) and good to fair HbA1c control (OR 95% CI=6.530 (3.405-12.525). Conclusion: CAM usage among T2DM patients in this rural population is relatively low. Targeted health education programs focusing on the benefits, safe use, and potential risks of CAM would enhance patient awareness and informed decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prem Jerusha, Alamelu Kannappan, Azeem Jaffer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SLEEP QUALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC MEDICAL CONDITIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY FROM RURAL SOUTHERN TAMIL NADU
Introduction: Sleep quality remains a significantly underappreciated aspect of managing chronic medical conditions. Poor sleep quality may impact the quality of life, morbidity, and mortality outcomes in patients with these conditions. To objectively quantify the burden of poor sleep quality, this study aimed to assess sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and to identify its associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among 203 patients with chronic medical conditions attending a tertiary care hospital in Kanyakumari district. Purposive sampling of patients with cancer or chronic cardiac, renal, hepatic, or pulmonary conditions was done with an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A PQSI score of more than 5 indicated poor sleep quality. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent t-tests were used for statistical analysis, with 5% significance level. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.57 years, with males being the predominant group (63%). Almost all of the patients (80.3%) were considered poor sleepers with a PSQI score of more than 5, with the highest scores mainly seen in patients with liver disease and respiratory diseases. Male gender and kidney disease were statistically significant factors associated with poor sleep quality. Conclusion: The Majority of the subjects with chronic diseases had poor quality of sleep, with only a few seeking treatment for the same. Early identification and management of sleep disorders in patients with chronic diseases is a critical gap in patient care that needs to be addressed urgently.
Chronic Diseases, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Sleep Quality
Copyright (c) 2025 Priya Panicker, Sivakarthik K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE AND BURDEN OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN AFRICA: A SYSTEMATIC AND META-ANALYSIS REVIEW
Introduction Emerging zoonotic diseases (EZDs) are a growing global public health concern, driven by complex human-animal environment interactions (Hossain et al., 2025). Understanding their epidemiology and regional disparities is essential for effective prevention and control. This study aimed to assess the current burden of zoonotic diseases in Africa and evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance systems in their detection and management. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on studies published between 2007 and 2024, using PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparency and quality. A total of 52 studies were included, focusing on prevalence, case fatality rates (CFRs), and risk factors for zoonotic diseases across the continent. Results: it substantial variability in zoonotic disease prevalence, ranging from 0.86 (95% CI: 0.58–1.76) in Cameroon to 0.01 (95% CI: –0.00 to 0.02) in Central Africa, with high heterogeneity (I² = 99.06%). Meta-regression revealed that attack rate was a significant predictor of effect size (coefficient = 1.00; p < 0.001), fully explaining between-study variance (R² = 100%). The pooled CFR was estimated at 26% (95% CI: 12–40%), with regional variations from 72% in the Democratic Republic of Congo to 0% in Mozambique, Mauritania, and Ethiopia-Namibia. Although evidence of publication bias was found, sensitivity analysis confirmed robustness. Conclusion: zoonotic diseases remain a substantial health burden in Africa, shaped by disparities in surveillance systems, healthcare access, and socioeconomic conditions. Effective control requires stronger One Health coordination, integrated veterinary human surveillance, enhanced laboratory capacity, adoption of advanced detection technologies, and community engagement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chisotwa Muyembe, Eustarckio Kazonga, Rogers Shitiavayi Songole, josphat Nkole, sydney Hamusonde, keegan shamisale, perfecto Kabanshi, moomba simonga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PREVALENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF STUNTING AMONG UNDER-FIVE-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN THE NGORORERO DISTRICT, RWANDA
Introduction: Stunting affects 148.1 million children under five globally, with the highest burden in low- and middle-income countries. In Rwanda, stunting remains a significant public health concern, affecting 33% of children under five, with the burden rising to 50.5% in rural areas such as Ngororero District. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and key determinants of stunting among children under five in Ngororero District, Rwanda. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 children, selected using a multistage sampling approach. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Analysis was performed using SPSS Version 30, WHO Anthro Survey Analyser, and Excel. Pearson chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied to identify a significant association of stunting at p < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of stunting was 36%, with 12.9% of children severely stunted. Maternal alcohol consumption was strongly associated (OR = 5.2, ?² = 21.1, p = 0.001), followed by lack of formal maternal education (OR = 3.6, ?² = 12.9, p = 0.012), and inadequate antenatal care (0–2 visits) (OR = 2.7, ?² = 10.8, p = 0.002). Other significant factors included untreated drinking water, food shortages, absence of exclusive breastfeeding, and large household size. Conclusion: The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of stunting, which is shaped by maternal practices, socioeconomic conditions, and access to healthcare. Reducing childhood stunting in Ngororero District and similar rural settings in Rwanda requires targeted nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions alongside improved maternal education. Further studies, including longitudinal research, are recommended.
Anthropometric, child nutrition, determinants, maternal education, Stunting
Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Habiryayo, Amos Habimana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SKIN CONDITIONS IN NAJAF, IRAQ
Introduction: Skin ailments are common across the globe and are affected by environmental, demographic, and psychological elements. This study sought to evaluate the epidemiological attributes and the patterns of skin disease risk factors among patients in Najaf, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Al-Sadr Medical Hospital from January 2024 to January 2025 involving 700 patients with various diagnosed skin conditions over the period of one year. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and medical files, which included demographics, type of disease, seasonality, and psychosocial factors. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlation analysis, regression analysis as well and logit analysis were used. Results: Most participants were females (69%). The most persistent conditions were fungal infections (24.6%), bacterial infections (19.7%), and eczema (13.7%). Seasonality significantly impacted disease severity, as indicated by the highest mean score (3.1 ± 1.06) on a five-point Likert scale recorded during the summer. Emotional factors also influenced severity, with anger (R = 0.91), loneliness (R = 0.80), and depression (R = 0.68) showing the strongest correlations. Logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant associations, as all 95% confidence intervals for the examined predictors crossed the null value (OR = 1). Conclusion: While seasonal and psychological factors showed correlations with disease severity, no individual predictor demonstrated a statistically significant association with the likelihood of skin infection. The findings highlight the need for integrated dermatological and psychosocial care, especially in urban and high-stress populations
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Abdul Hasan Mohsin , noor nasser, Lamees A. Abdul-Lateef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES REGARDING RABIES IN RURAL UJJAIN
Introduction: Rabies, one of the earliest recognized infectious diseases, impacts all mammals. It is caused by a type of virus known as rhabdovirus and is primarily transmitted to humans through bites from domestic dogs. In developing countries, particularly, canine rabies remains a significant concern for both the economy and public health, leading to approximately 55,000 deaths annually. A cross-sectional study design was employed to comprehensively assess the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies within the rural population of a selected village in Ujjain. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed to comprehensively assess the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) regarding rabies within the rural population of a selected village in Ujjain. Results: The analysis of the participant demographics reveals a balanced gender distribution, with 51.6% female and 48.4% male participants. In terms of age, 40% of the participants are under 35 years old, while 60% are aged 35 and above. Education-wise, the majority have completed secondary education (45.3%), followed by primary education (31.3%), while 11.7% have no formal education, and the same percentage have attained graduation or higher education. Regarding occupation, agriculture emerges as the most common occupation, with 39.1% of participants engaged in it, followed by labourers (19.5%), homemakers (23.4%), business (10.2%), and others (7.8%). Conclusion: Importance of targeted interventions to improve health literacy and practices among specific groups, particularly females, younger individuals, and those in lower education and labour-intensive occupations is the need of the hour.
Copyright (c) 2025 AANCHAL BIJLWAN, Archit Khardenavis, Sapna Rathore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC AND BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS OF NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AMONG SELECTED ADOLESCENTS IN URBAN HYDERABAD
Introduction: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, and chronic respiratory illnesses are the leading cause of global mortality. The increasing burden among adolescents is particularly concerning due to the long-term implications. This study assesses the prevalence of risk factors associated with NCDs among adolescents in an urban field practice area in Hyderabad, Telangana. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adolescents aged 10–19. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview schedule, anthropometric measures, and validated tools like the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Variables included sociodemographic factors, behavioural habits, Body Mass Index (BMI), and family history of NCDs. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze associations. Results: Of the 400 adolescents, 62% were male. Major risk factors identified included low physical activity (57.75%), junk food consumption (61.75%), passive smoking exposure (42.25%), alcohol consumption (6.5%), and high stress (63%). About 20% were overweight and 0.5% obese. 31.75% reported a family history of NCDs. A significant association was found between higher Body Mass Index (BMI >24.9) and socio-economic status (p=0.001). At the same time, other risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and stress showed no significant association. Conclusion: Adolescents in urban Hyderabad show a high prevalence of modifiable NCD risk factors. Preventive strategies, including lifestyle modification, health education, and targeted interventions, are imperative during adolescence to reduce future NCD burden.
Adolescents, Noncommunicable Diseases, Risk Factors, Urban Health
Copyright (c) 2025 Sreelatha Panuganti, Ananda krishna Gorantla, Koka Bhasker, B.Kiranmai Andasu, Maruthi Reddy Mandadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
REBOUND OBESITY AFTER GLP-1 AGONISTS DISCONTINUATION
Introduction: Discontinuation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) often results in rebound obesity and excessive weight regain. This review explores the physiological, psychological, and behavioural factors contributing to weight regain after the discontinuation of GLP-1 RAs. Methods: This narrative review involved a review of literature published in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search for peer-reviewed literature in English started on 8 March 2025 and was repeated for updates on 25 March 2025. Results: The literature search identified only five studies that examined weight regain following the discontinuation of GLP-1 receptor agonists. These studies found that some users of these agents had regained the weight they lost before upon discontinuing GLP-1RAs. The proposed mechanism for this phenomenon is that abrupt cessation of appetite inhibition induced by GLP-1RAs leads to a surge in hunger, reduced energy expenditure, and fat mass gain. Psychological factors, like emotional overeating and dependence on the therapy, further exacerbate rebound. Clinical studies show significant weight regain after stopping semaglutide, liraglutide, or tirzepatide. Conclusion: This review focuses on the complex phenomenon of rebound obesity that may develop upon GLP-1 RAs discontinuation, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to manage weight regain. Potential approaches include gradual dose reduction, combination therapies, and lifestyle interventions to mitigate weight regain.
GLP-1 receptor agonists, weight regain, rebound obesity, discontinuation, lifestyle interventions
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab M. Al-Shammaa, Heba M. Attash, Luma Al-Obaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ASSESSING TELEMEDICINE ADOPTION IN ZAMBIA: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF ACCEPTABILITY AND UTILIZATION
Introduction: Telemedicine is increasingly recognized as a solution to healthcare challenges in Zambia, particularly in addressing healthcare worker shortages, infrastructure gaps, and overcrowding. This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on the acceptability and utilization of telemedicine in Zambia, identifying key influencing factors, service providers, and areas of application.Methods: A narrative review approach was used, involving searches on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus for literature published between 2014 - 2024. Boolean operators (AND/OR) were applied to keywords such as “telemedicine,” “acceptability,” “utilization.” Narrative review,” and “Zambia.” Grey literature from institutional reports and service provider websites was also reviewed. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized in this review. Results: The nine studies reviewed indicate growing acceptance and use of telemedicine in Zambia, particularly in neurology, mental health, HIV/TB care, and maternal health. Telemedicine support remote consultations, patient monitoring, and provider tele-mentoring. High patient and provider satisfaction was reported, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with users citing reduced travel and wait times. Consultation success rates were high for appropriately triaged cases, and tele-mentoring improved provider confidence and clinical outcomes. Private and donor-supported providers play a key role in expanding services. However, barriers like limited digital infrastructure, low digital literacy, and privacy concerns hinder broader adoption. Conclusion: Telemedicine is a promising tool for healthcare delivery in Zambia, particularly in underserved areas. However, to enhance utilization, infrastructure and policy gaps must be addressed. Strengthening digital literacy, improving connectivity, and integrating telemedicine into national healthcare systems will be critical for its expansion.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lillian Muyunda, Mubanga Mpundu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS TOWARD THE USE OF HERBAL MEDICINE AMONG IRAQI MEDICAL STUDENTS
Introduction: Herbal medicine use among medical students is common worldwide, driven by influences such as societal or cultural norms, accessibility, and interest in complementary and alternative medicine. This trend highlights the importance of medical students, as upcoming doctors, in obtaining essential insights into herbal remedies. The study aimed to assess medical students’ comprehension, attitudes, and usage patterns related to herbal medication, assess associated sociodemographic determinants, and identify reasons for using herbal medicine among students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 medical students from grades 1 to 6 at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, using convenience sampling. The study took place from February 1st, 2024, to December 31st, 2024. Data was gathered through structured interviews using a four-part questionnaire. The first section covered sociodemographic information, while the second evaluated students’ knowledge of herbal medicine. The third and fourth sections assessed attitudes toward and practices regarding herbal medicine. Results: Data showed that 24.8% of students were currently using herbal medicine, and 48.8% of them used it for therapeutic reasons. The majority of participants (81.7%) and (83.4%) agreed that herbal medicine does not prevent or cure all diseases and emphasizes the importance of consulting a doctor before using it. Most of the respondents (78.5%) disagreed that herbal medicine is always safe. Conclusion: Herbal Medicine is widespread among medical students. Despite this, critical knowledge deficiencies regarding safety, efficacy, and potential drug interactions highlight the urgent need for targeted education and curriculum integration to ensure safe and informed use
Copyright (c) 2025 Fakat Alola Ghanim Jawad, Shaymaa Alfadhul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DIETARY PRACTICES OF AEROBIC DANCERS AND BODYBUILDERS IN VHEMBE DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE: ASSESSING THE NEED FOR NUTRITION INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Introduction: Recreational sports have gained popularity in South Africa. However, the dietary practices of participants remain unknown. The study evaluated the nutrient and timing of intake of recreational sports participants in the Vhembe District (VD), Limpopo Province. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the dietary practices of 112 recreational sports participants in the VD. Ethical clearance and written consent were obtained from the Turfloop Research Ethics Committee (TREC) and participants, respectively. Multiple 24-hour-recall questionnaires were used to capture all food consumed the previous day and the intake timing (before, during, and after physical activity). Portion sizes were estimated using marked household utensils during the interview/recall. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to validate the 24-hour recalls. The Food Finder (electronic software) was used to determine nutrient intake and descriptive statistics through the Statistical Package for Social Science (version 28) to report the practices of participants. Results: Participants were aged 34.2±9.0 years, majority of whom being males (58%) engaging in recreational aerobic dance and bodybuilding programs. Participants trained three times or more per week for two hours. Aerobic dancers consumed energy (16.6±8.0kcal/kg/day), CHO (3.4±1.5g/kg/day), protein (0.6±0.2g/kg/day), and fat (0.4±0.3g/kg/day) suboptimal. Similarly, bodybuilders consumed energy (55.6±1.0kcal/kg/day), CHO (1.5±0.2g/kg/day), and protein (0.4±0.0g/kg/day) suboptimal, while the fat intake (0.6±0.3g/kg/day) was optimal. Participants mainly drank water prior to, during, and after physical activity. However, no other nutrient-dense meals or beverages were consumed. Conclusion: The dietary intake and timing of recreational participants were suboptimal, thus, deviated from the sport nutrition recommendations, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raymond Ramashidzha, Sefora Makuse, Sylven Masoga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PUBLIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM SHEEP AND GOAT MILK
Introduction: The gastrointestinal disease Yersiniosis, is mainly caused by Yersinia enterocolitica along with Y. pseudotuberculosis, which is less common. The present study examines the prevalence of raw goat and sheep milk contamination with Y. enterocolitica collected from Erbil Governorate, Iraq while analyzing the antibacterial resistance profiles of the isolated strains and monitoring seasonal variations in contamination and resistance patterns. Methods: Raw milk samples were collected from a total of 300 animals (150 each from sheep and goat), the samples were tested using culture-based detection methods, yielding a contamination rate of 9.7%. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in contamination rates between sheep and goat milk (p = 0.559), or between village and sale point sources (p = 0.715). Seasonal trends showed a gradual decline in contamination rates from mid-winter to early summer, although these variations were not statistically significant (p ? 0.561). Conclusion: The antimicrobial resistance testing revealed alarming resistance patterns to commonly used antibiotics, including cefotaxime, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. These findings highlight the public health risks posed by Y. enterocolitica found in raw milk and underscore the need for improved food safety practices and antibiotic stewardship in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhary Alewy Almashhadany, Bakhtawar Omer, Sarah Hameed, Hero Ismael Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0